Method and apparatus for electrical line testing

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for electrical line testing. The method and apparatus provides audio, visual and/or electronic information to indicate electricity is flowing or not flowing through an electrical circuit controlled by a remote circuit breaker. The method and system help identify which electrical sockets are controlled by which remote circuit breakers. The method and apparatus is used over short distances in a residential home or over long distances in a commercial building such as a warehouse or factory. The method and apparatus is used with or without an external network devices such as a smartphone, electronic tablet, wearable device, etc.

FIELD OF INVENTION

This application relates to testing electrical power line testing andelectrical circuit testing. More specifically, it relates to a methodand apparatus for electrical line testing.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Working with electricity is inherently dangerous. When it is time toinstall a new electrical outlet or complete maintenance tasks on anelectrical line, a source of electricity in an electrical line must beturned off.

There are a number of problems associated with turning off the source ofelectricity for an electrical line. One problem is that severalelectrical sockets are often connected to the same circuit break or fusebox. Another problem is that an electrical socket is often remotelydisplaced from a circuit breaker panel or fuse box. The distance makesit difficult to coordinate turning off an electrical source at a circuitbreaker panel and keeping a desired electrical socket in view. Thisproblem is more difficult to deal with then electrical sockets are beingtested or maintained in a large space such as a warehouse or factorywhere there are large distances between electrical sockets and a circuitbreaker panel or fuse box.

There have been a number of attempts to solve the problems associatedwith testing electrical lines. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,962,630,that issued to Chaffee teaches “A circuit testing device comprises A.multiple probes at least one of which is sized for insertion into asingle electrical socket receptacle to test for the presence of voltage,and two of which are applicable to spaced conductive elements to testfor electrical continuity there between externally of said device, B.detection means operatively connected with said probes and includingindicator means to indicate the presence or absence of voltage when saidone probe is inserted into said socket single receptacle, and toindicate the presence or absence of electrical continuity when said twoprobes are applied to said spaced conductive elements.”

U.S. Pat. No. 4,015,201, that issued to Chaffee teaches “A circuittesting device includes a casing, two probes one of which projects fromthe casing, a voltage level testing circuit operatively connected withone probe and incorporating simple and advantageous circuitry includingtransistor amplifier means and indicator means, and an electricalcontinuity testing circuit connected between both the probes.”

U.S. Pat. No. 4,027,326, that issued to Stewart teaches “A portable testinstrument for testing electrical continuity, and diode polarity, AC andDC voltage amplitudes and DC voltage polarity. An electronic switchdevice has main electrodes connected in an indicating circuit with anelectrical supply, a light-emitting diode and a current-limitingresistor. A double pole, double throw switch is manually switchablebetween continuity and voltage test positions, and with four resistorsdefines an input circuit interposed between the control electrode of theelectronic switch device and probes connectible to a circuit or the liketo be tested. In both the voltage and continuity test modes of theinstrument, the light-emitting diode is energized only by current fromthe electrical supply within the indicating circuit. Though propercircuit operation is obtained by manual manipulation of the mode switchbetween its voltage and continuity positions, the light-emitting diodeis automatically protected from damage should the test probes engage avoltage circuit (within the operating voltage range of the instrument)while the instrument is in continuity mode.”

U.S. Pat. No. 4,160,206, that issued to Bojarski teaches “An audiblevoltage-impedance tester for generating distinct sounds when its testprobes are connected across an unknown source, be it a resistive source,a DC voltage source, an AC voltage source or combination thereof. Noswitching is required between resistive testing and voltage testing norbetween DC voltage testing and AC voltage testing. The tester is able togenerate distinct sounds for different resistance values, for differentDC voltage amplitudes, for different AC voltages with the same frequencybut different amplitudes, and for AC voltages with different frequenciesbut the same amplitudes. A visual indicator of the audible sound isdisclosed along with circuitry that utilizes a multi-vibrator whosepowered operation by a battery is not affected by the unknown source.”

U.S. Pat. No. 4,791,376, that issued to Freedman, et al. teaches “Acircuit testing device, including a casing having opposite ends, asingle probe rigidly projecting from one end of the casing so that thecasing may be manipulated to forcibly insert the probe into anelectrical power socket, the casing carrying a first socket terminal,and there being a second probe connected with the socket terminal,circuitry in the casing including at least one Zener diode and at leastone half wave rectifier interconnecting the single probe and the socketterminal, a presence-of-voltage circuit in the casing and electricallyconnected with the single probe, the circuit including a presence ofvoltage indicator and rectifier and amplifier elements electricallyconnected between the single probe and the indicator, the rectifierelement including a rectifier bridge having two terminals connectedacross the Zener diode, there also being a voltage level indicatingmeter connected in series with such circuitry.”

U.S. Pat. No. 5,319,306, that issued to Schuyler teaches “A compact,hand-held electrical line tester includes a normally-open relay switchwhich is closed by connection of its relay portion to a line of apredetermined voltage level, and a piezoelectric tone generator,connected in series with the relay switch and a battery, which emits anaudible sound to indicate that the tested line is electrified with thepredetermined voltage level. The tester circuit can include a pluralityof relay switches and/or tone generators for emitting different soundsin response to different line voltages, so that the user can determinethe line voltage(s) without having to check a light indicator or read adial.”

U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,964, that issued to Vinci teaches “An ergonomicallydesigned pistol grip voltage probe testing device features visual outputindicators, such an LED light, as well as at least one additional orauxiliary indicator such as a buzzer. The LED advantageously changescolors depending on the potential applied to the probe conductor. Otherauxiliary output feedback devices are disclosed. The device isparticularly suitable for use in an automotive environment, and, in oneembodiment, includes a cigarette plug adapter for connecting the deviceto a cigarette lighter receptacle for supplying output power and aground reference potential to the test device.”

U.S. Pat. No. 6,967,445, that issued to Jewell, et al. teaches “Acircuit to monitor electrical continuity through a light bulb when thelight bulb is switched off, and to monitor proper functioning of thelight bulb when the bulb is switched on. The circuit comprises a LED, arelay and a latching circuit portion, the latching circuit portionconfigured to remain latched thereby applying power to the bulb and therelay only when the bulb is switched on and lit, and the relay having apair of normally closed contacts connected to provide an alternativepath of minimal resistance to ground for low voltage applied to anincoming side of the LED, and the relay also having a pair of normallyopen contacts which when closed allow voltage to be applied to theoutgoing side of the LED, thereby resulting in the LED lighting when andonly when, the light bulb is broken. Most preferably the latchingportion of the circuit comprises a silicone controlled rectifier havinga trigger circuit portion configured to pulse the gate when a switchedlight power control line is energized. The switched light power controlline is connected to the anode and a coil of the relay, and the cathodeis connected to one of the normally closed contacts of the relay and tothe light bulb.”

U.S. Pat. No. 6,977,493, that issued to Novak et al., teaches “Anelectrical power probe is provided. In one aspect, an electrical powerprobe includes a power probe control unit adapted to connect to a directcurrent (DC) power source and receive an input source voltage from theDC power source. The power probe control unit comprises a power switchcontrolling the switching of the input source voltage to a cable. Apower probe wand includes a conductive wand tip and a user controlledswitch, with the wand tip being connected to the power switch by thecable. The power probe control unit sends a query message to the powerprobe wand. The power probe wand unit sends a response to the powerprobe control unit in response to the query message, with responseindicating the position of the user controlled switch. The power probecontrol unit selectably switches the power switch based on the positionof the user controlled switch.”

U.S. Pat. No. 7,528,609, that issued to Savicki, Jr., et al. teaches“The present invention is directed to an electrical testing device foruse in an AC electrical power distribution circuit including a pluralityof AC electric power transmitting wires coupled between an AC powerdistribution point and a device box. The device includes a plurality ofelectrical probes configured for insertion into an outlet receptacle. Aplug test connection arrangement is configured to receive a plugconnector when inserted therein. The plug connector includes a pluralityof plug contacts and a termination arrangement configured to terminatethe plurality of AC electric power transmitting wires such thatelectrical continuity is established between the AC power distributionpoint and the plurality of plug contacts. The plug test connectionarrangement includes a plurality of test contacts configured to matewith the plurality of plug contacts when the plug connector is insertedinto the plug test connection arrangement. The termination arrangementbeing in a detached relationship from the device box after the pluralityof AC electric power transmitting wires are terminated. An electricaltest circuit is configured to perform at least one electrical test. Theelectrical test circuit includes a switch mechanism configured toconnect the electrical test circuit to the plurality of electricalprobes at a first switch setting or connect the electrical test circuitto the plurality of test contacts at a second switch setting. At leastone shock mitigation structure is coupled to the plurality of electricalprobes or the plug test connection arrangement and is configured toprevent user access to the plurality of electrical probes or the plugtest connection arrangement.”

U.S. Pat. No. 7,830,154, that issued to Gale teaches “An electricalcontinuity tester adaptor for attaching to a conventional continuitytester comprising first, second and third members. The first member isoperably configured to engage a female F-type connector. The secondmember is operably configured to engage a female RJ series typeconnector. The third member includes a plurality of electricalconnections and a printed circuit board to facilitate the electricalconnectivity between the first and second members.”

U.S. Pat. No. 8,018,219, that issued to Calcaterra, et al., teaches “Amodule is provided for identifying outlets on a common power circuit.The module comprises a connector adapted to electrically couple with anoutlet, a signal generator electrically connected to the connector andadapted to send a signal through the connector into a power circuit inresponse to a predetermined discrete event, an indicator; and logicelectrically connected to the connector and the indicator and adapted todetect a signal from another apparatus propagated on a common circuitand activate the indicator in response to the signal.”

U.S. Pat. No. 8,496,030, that issued to Mahoney teaches “An electricalcircuit tester including a resistive load and a testing station fordetecting the variable load. The testing station includes at least oneelectrical current transducer capable of detecting the variable load inan adjacent electrical power circuit. The detection of the variable loadis communicated to the testing station and a variable load detectionfunction.”

U.S. Pat. No. 8,866,485, that issued to Lacey, et al., teaches “Anelectrical circuit tester includes a first testing device and a secondtesting device provided in a hand-held housing, each being electricallyisolated from the other. Multiple light sources are electrically coupledto one of the first and second testing devices to provide a visualindication of the testing result. The first testing device includes aconventional three-prong plug extending out from the surface of thehousing and configured to be inserted into a standard electricalreceptacle. The second testing device includes one or more keyedcavities, each being designed to receive all or a portion of a plug intothe cavity in only one orientation. Each cavity can include at least oneblade prong that makes electrical contact with the plug when insertedinto the cavity. Both the first and second testing devices can beoperated simultaneously with separate sets of light sources providingseparate testing indications for each.”

U.S. Pat. No. 9,354,256, that issued to Mahoney teaches “An electricalcircuit tester including a resistive load and a testing station fordetecting the variable load. The testing station includes at least oneelectrical current transducer capable of detecting the variable load inan adjacent electrical power circuit. The detection of the variable loadis communicated to the testing station and a variable load detectionfunction.”

U.S. Published Patent Application US2006/0103390, that was published bySimmons teaches “An arc fault circuit interrupter (AFCI) module includesa plug portion, a probe receiving portion and an AFCI test actuator forinitiating a test of an AFCI protected circuit. More specifically, theplug portion includes a plurality of prongs configured to mattinglyengage with a standard three-prong receptacle. With this construction,upon engaging the plug portion with an AFCI protected receptacle,manipulation of the AFCI test actuator will cause a properly operatingAFCI device to trip, i.e., terminate power to the AFCI protectedreceptacle. The module can also be provided with an AFCI circuit. Themodule can then be employed to protect an electrical device that isplugged into an unprotected circuit. The probe receiving portion isadapted to interconnect and expand the testing capabilities of astandard receptacle tester or, alternatively, be interconnected withvarious test probes associated with standard voltage testers.”

U.S. Published Patent Application US2014/0266287, that was published byReeder III, teaches “Devices and methods for enhancing electrical safetyare provided herein. Devices testing the safety of light fixtures areprovided. Also provided are a variety of testing tools for improvingelectrical safety. The devices are generally capable of wirelesslycommunicating with a computer, particularly a hand-held device such as asmart-phone or tablet. Methods for using the devices are also provided.”

U.S. Published Patent Application US2016/0327601, that was published byBrockman teaches “A codeless receptacle tester including outlet testercircuitry, a housing, and an indicator section. The outlet testercircuitry is configured to perform a plurality of electrical outlettesting functions. The housing has a first end, a second end oppositethe first end, and an enclosure that encloses the outlet testercircuitry. The indicator section is electrically connected to the outlettester circuitry and has a plurality of indicators. Each indicator ofthe plurality of indicators is configured to provide a codelessindication of an associated wiring condition of an electrical outlet.”

However, none of these solutions still all of the problems associatedwith testing electrical lines. Thus, it is desirable to solve some ofthe problems associated with turning electricity on and off on anelectrical line for testing or installing a new device.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention, someof the problems associated with testing electronic circuits andelectronic lines are overcome. A method and apparatus for electricalline testing is presented.

A method and apparatus for electrical line testing. The electrical linetesting apparatus provides audio, visual and/or electronic informationto indicate electricity is flowing or not flowing through an electricalcircuit controlled by a remote circuit breaker or fuse. The method andsystem help identify which electrical sockets are controlled by theremote circuit breakers. The method and system is used over shortdistances in a residential home or over long distances in a commercialbuilding such as a warehouse or factory. The method and apparatus isused with or without an external network devices such as a smartphone,electronic tablet, wearable device, etc.

The foregoing and other features and advantages of preferred embodimentsof the present invention will be more readily apparent from thefollowing detailed description. The detailed description proceeds withreferences to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Preferred embodiments of the present invention are described withreference to the following drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an electrical line testingapparatus;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an electrical line testingnetwork;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating wearable network devices usedwith an electrical line testing apparatus;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating use of an electrical line testingapparatus;

FIGS. 5A and 5B are a flow diagram illustrating a method for electricalline testing with an electrical line testing apparatus;

FIGS. 6A and 6B are a flow diagram illustrating a method for electricalline testing with an electrical line testing apparatus;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram graphically illustrating components of themethod of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for electrical linetesting with an electrical line testing apparatus; and

FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating the electrical line testingapparatus with a flexible case with a safety color.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Exemplary Electrical LineTesting Apparatus

FIG. 1 is a block diagram 10 illustrating an electrical line testingapparatus 12. The an electrical line testing apparatus 12, includes, butis not limited to, plural electrical probes 14 for connecting theapparatus 12 to an alternating current (AC) source, a control circuit16, a circuit testing application 18 executing in a non-transitorycomputer readable medium in the control circuit 16, one or more audiocomponents 20, one or more visual components 22, a display screen 24, awireless interface 26, a wired interface 26′, a direct current (DC)connection testing component 28 for connecting the apparatus 12 to a DCsource, plural DC connectors 30, a power source 31, one or more ACadapters 33, one or more DC adapters 35, a fault generating switch 37, avolume control 39 and/or one or more remote wireless transceivercomponents 41. However, present invention is not limited the componentsdescribed, and more fewer and/or other components can be used topractice the invention.

The plural electrical probes 14 connect to the device to an electricaloutlet 32 connected to an electrical circuit 34 in an electrical system.The electrical socket 32 is connected via plural wires in an ACelectrical circuit 34 including a circuit breaker 36 or fuse in acircuit breaker box/panel 38 and/or fuse box.

The apparatus 112 is illustrated with electrical sockets 32 in thefigures including three-prong electrical sockets for a 120 volt circuitcommon in the United States. However, the present invention is notlimited to use with such sockets or circuits and can be used withdifferent types of electrical sockets for 240/380 volt three phasecircuits, etc. in the United States and other sockets and circuits suchas 220-240 volt European circuits, etc.

A “circuit breaker” 36 is an automatically

operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuitfrom damage caused by excess current, typically resulting from anoverload or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt currentflow after a fault is detected. Unlike a fuse, which operates once andthen must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manuallyor automatically) to resume normal operation.

A “fuse” is an electrical safety device that operates to provideovercurrent protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential componentis a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows throughit, thereby interrupting the current.

FIG. 1 illustrates two electrical probes 14. One electrical probe 14 isin a contact with a zero-volt electrical line (e.g., larger rectangle insocket 32) and a second electrical probe 14′ is in contact with anelectrical line include a non-zero voltage (e.g., 120 volts, etc. insmaller rectangle) in electrical socket 32. A third electrical componentmaybe in contract with a ground line 14″ in electrical socket 32.However, the present invention may be used with and/or without anelectrical probe 14 touching the ground line 14″. However, the presentinvention is not limited to the electrical probes 14 and more or fewerelectrical probes 14 can be used to practice the invention.

Alternating current (AC) occurs when charge carriers in a conductor orsemiconductor periodically reverse their direction of movement.Household electrical current in most countries including the UnitedStates includes AC with a frequency of 60 Hertz (Hz) (i.e., 60 cyclesper second). However, in many countries AC current includes a frequency50 Hz. The radio-frequency (“RF”) current in antennas and transmissionlines is another example of AC.

An AC waveform can be sinusoidal, square, or sawtooth-shaped. Some ACwaveforms are irregular or complicated. An example of sine-wave AC iscommon household electrical current. Square or sawtooth waves areproduced by certain types of electronic oscillators, and by a low-enduninterruptible power supply (“UPS”) when it is operating from itsbattery. Irregular AC waves are produced by audio amplifiers that dealwith analog voice signals and/or music.

The control circuit 16 is configured for automatically testing anelectrical circuit by controlling the other components of the electricalline testing apparatus 12.

In one embodiment, the control circuit 16 includes an integrated circuit(IC) or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, achip, or a microchip). An integrated circuit is a set of electroniccircuits on one small plate (“chip”) of semiconductor material, normallysilicon. However, the present invention is not limited to such anembodiment and other types of circuits can be used to practice theinvention.

In one embodiment, the control circuit 16 may include one or more fuses.A fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provideovercurrent protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential componentis a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows throughit, thereby interrupting the current and it must be replaced. The one ormore fuses provide a level of safety to the apparatus 12.

The control circuit 16 with the non-transitory computer readable mediumincludes an operating environment for the present invention comprising aprocessing system with one or more high speed Central Processing Unit(s)(“CPU”) or other types of processors, a non-transitory computer readablemedium including a computer memory.

In accordance with the practices of persons skilled in the art ofcomputer programming, the present invention is described with referenceto acts and symbolic representations of operations or instructions thatare performed by the circuit 16, unless indicated otherwise. Such actsand operations or instructions are referred to as being“computer-executed,” “CPU executed” or “processor executed.”

It will be appreciated that acts and symbolically represented operationsor instructions include the manipulation of electrical signals by a CPUor other processor. An electrical system represents data bits whichcause a resulting transformation or reduction of the electrical signals,and the maintenance of data bits at memory locations in a memory systemto thereby reconfigure or otherwise alter the CPU's or processorsoperation, as well as other processing of signals. The memory locationswhere data bits are maintained are physical locations that haveparticular electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic propertiescorresponding to the data bits.

The data bits may also be maintained on a non-transitory computerreadable medium including magnetic disks, optical disks, organic memory,and any other volatile (e.g., Random Access Memory (“RAM”)) ornon-volatile (e.g., Read-Only Memory (“ROM”)) mass storage systemreadable by the CPU or other processor.

In one embodiment, electronic line testing apparatus 12 is incommunications with a communications network 40. The communicationsnetwork 40 includes, but is not limited to, the Internet, an intranet, awired Local Area Network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WiLAN), a Wide AreaNetwork (WAN), a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), Public SwitchedTelephone Network (PSTN), mesh networks, and/or other types andcombinations of wired and wireless communications networks 40 providingcommunications with wired or wireless communication protocols.

In one embodiment, the communications network 40 includes a cloudcommunications network 40 comprising plural different cloud componentnetworks, a public (e.g. Internet, PSTN, etc.), private (e.g., LAN, WAN,etc.), hybrid (e.g., Internet plus private LAN, etc.), and/or community(e.g., Internet plus, private LAN, plus PSTN, etc.) networks.

In one embodiment, the electronic circuit 16 includes the Open SystemsInterconnection (“OSI”) reference model. The OSI is a layeredarchitecture that standardizes levels of service and types ofinteraction for network devices exchanging information through acommunications network 40. The OSI reference model separates networkdevice-to-network device communications into seven protocol layers, orlevels, each building—and relying—upon the standards contained in thelevels below it. The OSI reference model includes fromlowest-to-highest, a physical, data-link, network, transport, session,presentation and application layer. The lowest of the seven layers dealssolely with hardware links; the highest deals with software interactionsat the application-program level.

The Internet Protocol (“IP”) reference model is a layered architecturethat standardizes levels of service for the Internet Protocol suite ofprotocols. The Internet Protocol reference model comprises in generalfrom lowest-to-highest, a link, network, transport and applicationlayer.

The circuit testing application 18 includes a software, firmware and/orhardware application.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram 44 illustrating an electrical line testingapparatus 12 network.

The circuit testing application 18 communicates via the wirelessinterface 26 and/or wired interface 26′ with other applications 18′executing in a non-transitory computer readable medium on a targetnetwork device 42, 46, 48, 50, with one or more processors. The targetnetwork devices, include but are not limited to, smart phones 42,computers 46, wearable network devices 48, electronic tablets 50, etc.However, present invention is not limited the target network devicesdescribed, and more fewer and/or other target network devices can beused to practice the invention.

Returning to FIG. 1, one or more audio components 20, include, but arenot limited to, a speaker 20, a buzzer, a bell 20″ and/or othercomponents that produce and audible sound. However, present invention isnot limited the components described, and more fewer and/or othercomponents can be used to practice the invention.

The speaker 20′ is a component including a transducer that convertselectrical signals (i.e., electric current) into sound waves (i.e.,acoustic energy) for the production of an audible sound. In oneembodiment, the circuit 16 and/or the circuit testing application 18creates one or more different types of electrical signals that produceone or more different types of audible sounds on the speaker 20′.

The buzzer 20″ is a component including audio signaling device, whichmay be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. A piezoelectricbuzzer is driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audiosignal source and driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier thatproduces an audible sound.

The bell 20″ is a component including audio signaling device thatproduces an audible sound.

The one or more visual components 22 indicate that electricity isflowing. The one or more visual components 22 include one or moreincandescent light bulb components, one or more High-Intensity Discharge(HID) bulb components, one or more light emitting diode (LED) componentsand/or one or more strobe components. However, present invention is notlimited the components described, and more fewer and/or other componentscan be used to practice the invention.

The incandescent light bulbs include an electric light with a wirefilament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visiblelight (i.e., incandescence). The filament, heated by passing an electriccurrent through it, is protected from oxidation with a glass or fusedquartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or evacuated. In a halogenlamp, filament evaporation is slowed by a chemical process thatredeposits metal vapor onto the filament, extending its life. The lightbulb is supplied with electric current by feed-through terminals orwires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket whichprovides mechanical support and electrical connections. Incandescentbulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output, andvoltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts.

The High-Intensity Discharge (HID) bulbs produce light when an arcpasses between cathodes in a pressurized tube, causing metallicadditives to vaporize. They have long lives and are extremely energyefficient, but—with the exception of metal halides—they do not producepleasing light colors.

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source.It resembles a basic pn-junction diode, which emits light whenactivated. LEDs are used as indicator lamps for electronic devices,replacing small incandescent bulbs. LEDs have many advantages overincandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longerlifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and fasterswitching. The LED 20 includes various colors including, but not limitedto red, green, blue, yellow, etc.

In one embodiment, the LED is a dual color LED and/or includes pluralLEDs with different colors, that displays a first color, (e.g., red,etc.), when the apparatus 12 is not activated for testing but in anoperation state and a second color (e.g., green, blue, etc.) when theapparatus 12 has been activated by electrical current. However, thepresent invention is not limited to such an embodiment and more, fewerand/or other types of LEDs and color combinations can be used topractice the invention.

A “strobe light” or “stroboscopic lamp,” commonly called a “strobe,” isa device used to produce regular flashes of light. A typical strobelight has a flash energy in the region of 10 to 150 joules, anddischarge times as short as a few milliseconds, often resulting in aflash power of several kilowatts. Strobe lights can also be used in a“continuous” mode, producing extremely intense illumination. The lightsource is typically a xenon flash lamp, or flashtube, which has acomplex spectrum and a color temperature of approximately 5,600 Kelvins.To obtain colored strobe lights, colored gels are used. Strobe lightsremain visible in low visibility light conditions as well as very brightand/or reflective light conditions. However, the invention is notlimited to the types of strobe lights described and other types oflights can be used to practice the invention.

In one embodiment, the strobe component includes a very bright,directional strobe light (e.g., red, orange, white, blue or yellow incolor, etc.) manufactured and installed in a directional manner so as tobe able to be visible from a wide variety of angles and light conditionsby a user of the apparatus 12. The strobe is triggered (e.g., emits aseries of flashes, etc.) when electricity is flowing through theelectrical circuit 34. The strobe is de-activated (e.g., does not emitthe series of flashes, etc.) when electricity is not flowing through theelectrical circuit 34.

However, the present invention is not limited to the visual components22 described and other types of light components can be used to practicethe invention.

In one embodiment, the display screen 24 includes a Liquid CrystalDisplay (LCD) screen 24 and/or other type of display screen. In such anembodiment, the LCD display screen 24 instructs the user through thecircuit testing process and provides circuit testing information. TheLCD screen 24 is also used to display status and error messages, etc.However, the present invention is not limited to such an embodiment andthe present invention can be practiced with and/or without and LCDdisplay screen 24. However, present invention is not limited thecomponents described, and more fewer and/or other components can be usedto practice the invention.

Wireless Interfaces

In one embodiment of the present invention, the wireless interface 26used for the electrical line testing apparatus 12 and network devices42, 46, 48, 50 include but are not limited to, a cellular telephone,Short Message Service (“SMS”), instant message, IEEE 802.11a, 802.11ac,802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, “Wireless Fidelity” (“Wi-Fi”), Wi-Fi Aware,“Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access” (“WiMAX”), ETSI HighPerformance Radio Metropolitan Area Network (“HIPERMAN”), “RF Home”Zigbee, Z-wave, Bluetooth, Infrared, Industrial, Scientific and Medical(“ISM”), Radio Frequency Identifier (“RFID”), Near field communication(“NFC”), Machine-2-Machine (“M2M”), and/or other long range or shortrange wireless and/or wired interfaces may be used to practice theinvention.

The cellular telephone wireless interface includes a type of short-waveanalog or digital wireless interface in which a subscriber has awireless connection from a mobile phone 42 to a relatively nearbytelephone transmitter tower. The telephone transmitter's tower span ofcoverage is called a (“cell”).

SMS or “text messaging” is type of communications service that enables auser to allow private message communications with another user. SMS istypically a standard component of phone, Web, or mobile communicationsystems. It uses standardized communications protocols to allow fixedline or mobile phone or wearable mobile devices to exchange short textmessages including digital pictures.

Instant messaging (IM) is a type of online chat that offers real-timetext transmission over a communications network 40. It uses standardizedcommunications protocols to allow fixed, mobile or wearable mobiledevices to exchange short electronic text messages including digitalpictures.

802.11b defines a short-range wireless network interface. The IEEE802.11b standard defines wireless interfaces that provide up to 11 Mbpswireless data transmission to and from wireless devices over shortranges. 802.11a is an extension of the 802.11b and can deliver speeds upto 54M bps. 802.11g deliver speeds on par with 802.11a. However, other802.11xx interfaces can also be used and the present invention is notlimited to the 802.11 protocols defined. The IEEE 802.11a, 802.11an,802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n standards are incorporated herein byreference.

Wi-Fi is another type of 802.11xx interface, whether 802.11b, and/or802.11a/802.11c dual-band, etc. Wi-Fi devices include an RF interfacessuch as 2.4 GHz for 802.11b or 802.11g and 5 GHz for 802.11a.

Wi-Fi Aware is a new capability for energy-efficient, proximity-basedservice discovery among Wi-Fi capable devices. The technology in Wi-FiAware enables network devices to discover other devices, applications,and information nearby before making a Wi-Fi connection. Wi-Fi Awaremakes contextual awareness more immediate and useful, enablingpersonalized applications (e.g., 26, 26′, etc.) that continuously scansurroundings, anticipate actions, and notify of services and selectedpreferences. Wi-Fi Aware devices go through a process of discovery andsynchronization, establishing a common “heartbeat” that enables verypower efficient operation. Devices form clusters and exchange smallmessages about services available nearby, enabling immediate discovery.Wi-Fi Aware's ability to send and receive tiny messages beforeestablishing a network connection further enables a two-way conversationamong network devices in emergency and non-emergency situations whosecurrent physical geographic locations and/or 2D/3D geo-space informationmay be known and available. This capability not only enables a networkdevice to discover nearby information and services, but requestadditional information, such as emergency location information—allwithout establishing, an Internet, PSTN, or other network connections.The Wi-Fi Aware reference document, wp_Wi-Fi_Aware_Industry_20150714_v2,Jul. 14, 2015, is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the circuit testing application 18 includes Wi-FiAware capabilities. In one embodiment the wireless interfaces includeWi-Fi Aware wireless interface capabilities. However, the presentinvention is not limited to these embodiments and the invention can bepracticed without Wi-Fi Aware capabilities.

WiMAX is an industry trade organization formed by communicationscomponent and equipment companies to promote and certify compatibilityand interoperability of broadband wireless access equipment thatconforms to the IEEE 802.16xx and ETSI HIPERMAN. HIPERMAN is theEuropean standard for MANs.

The IEEE The 802.16a, 802.16c, 802.16d 802.16e and 802.16g standards arewireless MAN technology standard that provides a wireless alternative tocable, DSL and T1/E1 for last mile broadband access. It is also used ascomplimentary technology to connect IEEE 802.11xx hot spots to theInternet.

The IEEE 802.16a standard for 2-11 GHz is a wireless MAN technology thatprovides broadband wireless connectivity to fixed, portable and nomadicdevices. It provides up to 50-kilometers of service area range, allowsusers to get broadband connectivity without needing direct line of sightwith the base station, and provides total data rates of up to 280 Mbpsper base station, which is enough bandwidth to simultaneously supporthundreds of businesses with T1/E1-type connectivity and thousands ofhomes with DSL-type connectivity with a single base station. The IEEE802.16g provides up to 100 Mbps.

The IEEE 802.16e standard is an extension to the approved IEEE802.16/16a/16g standard. The purpose of 802.16e is to add limitedmobility to the current standard which is designed for fixed operation.

The ESTI HIPERMAN standard is an interoperable broadband fixed wirelessaccess standard for systems operating at radio frequencies between 2 GHzand 11 GHz.

The IEEE 802.16a, 802.16d, 802.16e and 802.16g standards areincorporated herein by reference. WiMAX can be used to provide awireless local loop (WLP).

The ETSI HIPERMAN standards TR 101 031, TR 101 475, TR 101 493-1 throughTR 101 493-3, TR 101 761-1 through TR 101 761-4, TR 101 762, TR 101763-1 through TR 101 763-3 and TR 101 957 are incorporated herein byreference.

IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee) is low data rate network standard used for meshnetwork devices such as sensors, interactive toys, smart badges, remotecontrols, and home automation. The 802.15.4 standard provides data ratesof 250 kbps, 40 kbps, and 20 kbps., two addressing modes; 16-bit shortand 64-bit IEEE addressing, support for critical latency devices, suchas joysticks, Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance,(CSMA-CA) channel access, automatic network establishment by acoordinator, fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability, powermanagement to ensure low power consumption for multi-month to multi-yearbattery usage and up to 16 channels in the 2.4 GHz ISM band (Worldwide),10 channels in the 915 MHz (US) and one channel in the 868 MHz band(Europe). The IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard is incorporated herein byreference.

Z-wave is a wireless communications protocol used primarily for homeautomation. It is a mesh network protocol using low-energy radio wavesto communicate between Internet of Things (IoT) network devices,allowing for wireless control of IoT devices. Z-Wave uses Part 15 of theISM band. It operates at 908.42 MHz in the U.S. and Canada and as otherfrequencies in other countries. Recently, the InternationalTelecommunications Union (ITU) included the Z-Wave physical and mediaaccess control (MAC) layers as an option in its new G.9959 standard,which defines a set of guidelines for sub-1-GHz narrowband wirelessdevices. The ITU G.9959 standard is incorporated by reference.

Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1a) is a short-range radio frequency technologyaimed at simplifying communications among network devices and betweennetwork devices. Bluetooth wireless technology supports both short-rangepoint-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections. The BluetoothSpecification, GL 11r02, March 2005, prepared by the Bluetooth SIG, Inc.and the IEEE 802.15.1a standard are incorporated herein by reference.

Infra data association (IrDA) is a short-range radio wireless Bluetoothor wireless infrared communications. Industrial, Scientific and Medical(ISM) are short-range radio wireless communications interfaces operatingat 400 MHz, 800 MHz, and 900 Mhz. ISM sensors may be used to providewireless information to practice the invention.

An RFID is an automatic identification method, relying on storing andremotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders.An RFID tag is a small object that can be attached to or incorporatedinto a product, animal, or person. RFID tags contain antennas to enablethem to receive and respond to radio-frequency queries from an RFIDtransceiver. Passive tags require no internal power source, whereasactive tags require a power source 31. RFID sensors and/or RFID tags areused to provide wireless information to practice the invention.

Passive tags are powered by received radiation from a reading device andrequire no internal source of power; thus, they can be manufactured atvery low cost and require no ongoing maintenance as long as they are notremoved or physically damaged. Passive tags can only be read by a readerdevice in close proximity to the tag.

RFID Passive tags can be manufactured in a sticker-like form factor andheld in place by adhesive, providing very low installation cost;however, such an arrangement is not heat-resistant, and conventionalmechanical mounting employing screws or cover plates is advisable for atleast a minimal subset of all installed tags.

RFID Passive tags are typically capable of providing a 96-bit number toa tag reader: 96 bits allow 2⁹⁶=10²⁹ (100 billion billion billion)possible codes, ample to allow unique identification.

RFID active tags may also be employed for location awareness. Activetags have longer range and can include more sophisticated functionality.

RFID Active tags are also deployed in a mesh network that would allowinformation to pass from tag to tag. This type of network would allowtag and reader information to be passed from location to location andpossibly from floor to floor to move the information to a centrallocation or to the building wall ultimately making it easier to access.Active tag networks have significant functional advantages, but arerelatively expensive and maintenance-intensive compared to passive tags.

In one embodiment, the apparatus 12 communicates with other networkdevices with near field communications (NFC) and/or machine-to-machine(M2M) communications.

“Near field communication (NFC)” is a set of standards for smartphonesand similar devices to establish radio communication with each other bytouching them together or bringing them into close proximity, usually nomore than a few centimeters. Present and anticipated applicationsinclude contactless transactions, data exchange, and simplified setup ofmore complex communications such as Wi-Fi. Communication is alsopossible between an NFC device and an unpowered NFC chip, called a “tag”including radio frequency identifier (RFID) tags.

NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats,and are based on existing radio-frequency identification (RFID)standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa. These standards includeISO/IEC 1809 and those defined by the NFC Forum, all of which areincorporated by reference.

“Machine to machine (M2M)” refers to technologies that allow bothwireless and wired systems to communicate with other devices of the sameability. M2M uses a device to capture an event (such as option purchase,etc.), which is relayed through a network (wireless, wired cloud, etc.)to an application (software program), that translates the captured eventinto meaningful information. Such communication was originallyaccomplished by having a remote network of machines relay informationback to a central hub for analysis, which would then be rerouted into asystem like a personal computer.

However, modern M2M communication has expanded beyond a one-to-oneconnection and changed into a system of networks that transmits datamany-to-one and many-to-many to plural different types of devices andappliances. The expansion of IP networks across the world has made itfar easier for M2M communication to take place and has lessened theamount of power and time necessary for information to be communicatedbetween machines.

In one embodiment, the communications network 40 also includes acellular telephone network, Personal Communications Services network(“PCS”), Packet Cellular Network (“PCN”), Global System for MobileCommunications, (“GSM”), Generic Packet Radio Services (“GPRS”),Cellular Digital Packet Data (“CDPD”) or a Wireless Application Protocol(“WAP”) network.

Returning to FIG. 1, in one embodiment, the wireless interface 26 isreplaced with a wired interface 26′. In another embodiment, only wiredinterface 26′ is used in apparatus 12. In another embodiment bothwireless interface 26 and wired interface 26′ are used in apparatus 12.

The wired interface 26′ connects the apparatus 12 with a wired LAN,Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and/or a cable televisionnetwork (CATV) including high definition television (HDTV) via one ormore twisted pairs of copper wires, digital subscriber lines (e.g. DSL,ADSL, VDSL, etc.) coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, other wiredconnection media or other wired connection interfaces. The PSTN is anypublic switched telephone network provided by AT&T, CenturyLink,FairPoint, Frontier, Sprint, Verizon, and other Local Exchange Carriers,etc. However, the present invention is not limited to the wiredinterfaces described and other types of wired interfaces can be used topractice the invention.

Wearable Devices

“Wearable mobile technology” and/or “wearable devices” are clothing andaccessories incorporating computer and advanced electronic technologies.Wearable mobile network devices provide several advantages including,but not limited to: (1) Quicker access to notifications. Importantand/or summary notifications are sent to alert a user to view a wholenew message. (2) Heads-up information. Digital eye wear allows users todisplay relevant information like directions without having toconstantly glance down; (3) Always-on Searches. Wearable devices providealways-on, hands-free searches; and (4) Recorded data and feedback.Wearable devices also take telemetric data recordings and providinguseful feedback for users for exercise, health, fitness, activities etc.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram 52 illustrating wearable network devices usedwith an electrical line testing apparatus 12.

The wearable network devices include, but are not limited to, wearabledigital glasses 54 (e.g., GOOGLE Glass, etc.), clothing 56 (e.g., smartties 56′, smart headwear, smart tops and bottoms, shoes, etc.), jewelry58 (e.g., smart rings, smart earrings, etc.), watches 48 (e.g., SONY,NIKE, SAMSUNG, NIKE, GARMIN, etc.) and/or wrist bands or fitness bands60 (e.g. GARMIN, FITBIT, POLAR, NIKE, JAWBONE, LG, etc.). The wearablemobile devices includes an application 18′ to communicate with apparatus12 during the testing of an electrical circuit All of the wearabledevices 48, 54, 56, 58 and 60 have one or more processors, anon-transitory computer readable medium and/or selected ones have othercomponents including, but not limited to, accelerometers, altimeters,music control, phone compatibility, etc. However, the present inventionis not limited to such wearable devices and more, fewer and other typesof wearable devices can also be used to practice the invention.

In one embodiment, the digital glasses 54 include a heads up display(HUD) to display electronic information provided by the apparatus 12.However, the present invention is not limited to digital glasses 54 witha HUD and other embodiments can be used to practice the invention.

Security and Encryption

Returning to FIG. 1 the apparatus 12, devices, network devices 42, 46,48, 50, 48, 54, 56, 58 and 60 and wireless 26 and wired 26′ interfacesof the present invention may include security and encryption for securecommunications. Wireless Encryption Protocol (WEP) (also called “WiredEquivalent Privacy) is a security protocol for WiLANs defined in theIEEE 802.11b standard. WEP is cryptographic privacy algorithm, based onthe Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4) encryption engine, used to provideconfidentiality for 802.11b wireless data.

RC4 is cipher designed by RSA Data Security, Inc. of Bedford, Mass.,which can accept encryption keys of arbitrary length, and is essentiallya pseudo random number generator with an output of the generator beingXORed with a data stream to produce encrypted data.

One problem with WEP is that it is used at the two lowest layers of theOSI model, the physical layer and the data link layer, therefore, itdoes not offer end-to-end security. One another problem with WEP is thatits encryption keys are static rather than dynamic. To update WEPencryption keys, an individual has to manually update a WEP key. WEPalso typically uses 40-bit static keys for encryption and thus provides“weak encryption,” making a WEP device a target of hackers.

The IEEE 802.11 Working Group is working on a security upgrade for the802.11 standard called “802.11i.” This supplemental draft standard isintended to improve WiLAN security. It describes the encryptedtransmission of data between systems 802.11X WiLANs. It also defines newencryption key protocols including the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol(TKIP). The IEEE 802.11i draft standard, version 4, completed Jun. 6,2003, is incorporated herein by reference.

The 802.11i is based on 802.1x port-based authentication for user anddevice authentication. The 802.11i standard includes two maindevelopments: Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and Robust Security Network(RSN).

WPA uses the same RC4 underlying encryption algorithm as WEP. However,WPA uses TKIP to improve security of keys used with WEP. WPA keys arederived and rotated more often than WEP keys and thus provide additionalsecurity. WPA also adds a message-integrity-check function to preventpacket forgeries.

RSN uses dynamic negotiation of authentication and selectable encryptionalgorithms between wireless access points and wireless devices. Theauthentication schemes proposed in the draft standard include ExtensibleAuthentication Protocol (EAP). One proposed encryption algorithm is anAdvanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption algorithm.

Dynamic negotiation of authentication and encryption algorithms lets RSNevolve with the state of the art in security, adding algorithms toaddress new threats and continuing to provide the security necessary toprotect information that WiLANs carry.

The NIST developed a new encryption standard, the Advanced EncryptionStandard (AES) to keep government information secure. AES is intended tobe a stronger, more efficient successor to Triple Data EncryptionStandard (3DES).

DES is a popular symmetric-key encryption method developed in 1975 andstandardized by ANSI in 1981 as ANSI X.3.92, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference. 3DES is the encrypt-decrypt-encrypt(EDE) mode of the DES cipher algorithm. 3DES is defined in the ANSIstandard, ANSI X9.52-1998, the contents of which are incorporated hereinby reference. DES modes of operation are used in conjunction with theNIST Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) for data encryption(FIPS 46-3, October 1999), the contents of which are incorporated hereinby reference.

The NIST approved a FIPS for the AES, FIPS-197. This standard specified“Rijndael” encryption as a FIPS-approved symmetric encryption algorithmthat may be used by U.S. Government organizations (and others) toprotect sensitive information. The NIST FIPS-197 standard (AES FIPS PUB197, November 2001) is incorporated herein by reference.

The NIST approved a FIPS for U.S. Federal Government requirements forinformation technology products for sensitive but unclassified (SBU)communications. The NIST FIPS Security Requirements for CryptographicModules (FIPS PUB 140-2, May 2001) is incorporated herein by reference.

RSA is a public key encryption system which can be used both forencrypting messages and making digital signatures. The letters RSA standfor the names of the inventors: Rivest, Shamir and Adleman. For moreinformation on RSA, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,829, now expired andincorporated herein by reference.

“Hashing” is the transformation of a string of characters into a usuallyshorter fixed-length value or key that represents the original string.Hashing is used to index and retrieve items in a database because it isfaster to find the item using the shorter hashed key than to find itusing the original value. It is also used in many encryption algorithms.

Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), is used for computing a secure condensedrepresentation of a data message or a data file. When a message of anylength <2⁶⁴ bits is input, the SHA-1 produces a 160-bit output called a“message digest.” The message digest can then be input to other securitytechniques such as encryption, a Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) andothers which generates or verifies a security mechanism for the message.SHA-512 outputs a 512-bit message digest. The Secure Hash Standard, FIPSPUB 180-1, Apr. 17, 1995, is incorporated herein by reference.

Message Digest-5 (MD-5) takes as input a message of arbitrary length andproduces as output a 128-bit “message digest” of the input. The MD5algorithm is intended for digital signature applications, where a largefile must be “compressed” in a secure manner before being encrypted witha private (secret) key under a public-key cryptosystem such as RSA. TheIETF RFC-1321, entitled “The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm” isincorporated here by reference.

Providing a way to check the integrity of information transmitted overor stored in an unreliable medium such as a wireless network is a primenecessity in the world of open computing and communications. Mechanismsthat provide such integrity check based on a secret key are called“message authentication codes” (MAC). Typically, message authenticationcodes are used between two parties that share a secret key in order tovalidate information transmitted between these parties.

Keyed Hashing for Message Authentication Codes (HMAC), is a mechanismfor message authentication using cryptographic hash functions. HMAC isused with any iterative cryptographic hash function, e.g., MD5, SHA-1,SHA-512, etc. in combination with a secret shared key. The cryptographicstrength of HMAC depends on the properties of the underlying hashfunction. The IETF RFC-2101, entitled “HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for MessageAuthentication” is incorporated here by reference.

An Electronic Code Book (ECB) is a mode of operation for a “blockcipher,” with the characteristic that each possible block of plaintexthas a defined corresponding cipher text value and vice versa. In otherwords, the same plaintext value will always result in the same ciphertext value. Electronic Code Book is used when a volume of plaintext isseparated into several blocks of data, each of which is then encryptedindependently of other blocks. The Electronic Code Book has the abilityto support a separate encryption key for each block type.

Diffie and Hellman (DH) describe several different group methods for twoparties to agree upon a shared secret in such a way that the secret willbe unavailable to eavesdroppers. This secret is then converted intovarious types of cryptographic keys. A large number of the variants ofthe DH method exist including ANSI X9.42. The IETF RFC-2631, entitled“Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method” is incorporated here by reference.

However, the present invention is not limited to the security orencryption techniques described and other security or encryptiontechniques can also be used.

The HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP) Secure (HTTPs), is a standardfor encrypted communications on the World Wide Web. HTTPs is actuallyjust HTTP over a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). For more information onHTTP, see IETF RFC-2616 incorporated herein by reference.

The SSL protocol is a protocol layer which may be placed between areliable connection-oriented network layer protocol (e.g. TCP/IP) andthe application protocol layer (e.g. HTTP). SSL provides for securecommunication between a source and destination by allowing mutualauthentication, the use of digital signatures for integrity, andencryption for privacy.

The SSL protocol is designed to support a range of choices for specificsecurity methods used for cryptography, message digests, and digitalsignatures. The security method are negotiated between the source anddestination at the start of establishing a protocol session. The SSL 2.0protocol specification, by Kipp E. B. Hickman, 1995, is incorporatedherein by reference.

Transport Layer Security (TLS) provides communications privacy over theInternet. The protocol allows client/server applications to communicateover a transport layer (e.g., TCP) in a way that is designed to preventeavesdropping, tampering, or message forgery. For more information onTLS see IETF RFC-2246, incorporated herein by reference.

However, the present invention is not limited to the security andencryption methods and protocols described and more, fewer and othertypes of security and encryption can be used to practice the invention.

Returning to FIG. 1, the direct current (DC) connection test component28 for connecting the apparatus 12 to a DC circuit. The DC connectiontest component 28 includes plural DC connectors 30.

Direct current (DC) is a unidirectional flow of electric charge. Abattery is a good example of a DC power supply. Direct current may flowin a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors,insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams. Theelectric current in a DC circuit flows in a constant direction,distinguishing it from AC.

The plural DC connectors include wires 30 (illustrated in FIG. 1) andother types of DC connectors such as clips and network connectors,including but not limited to, RJ-11, RJ-45, and other types of networkconnectors. However, the present invention is not limited to the DCconnectors described and more, fewer and other types of DC connectorscan be used to practice the invention.

In one embodiment, the plural DC connectors 30 are used to test Powerover Ethernet (“PoE”) DC circuits. PoE is a technology for wiredEthernet LANs that allows the electrical current necessary for theoperation of connected network devices (e.g., 42, 46, 48, 50, etc.) tobe carried by data cables rather than by power cords. Doing so minimizesthe number of wires that must be strung in order to install a wired LANnetwork 40. PoE typically delivers 48 volts of DC power over unshieldedtwisted-pair wiring for network devices consuming less than 13 watts ofpower. However, the present invention is not limited to the PoEdescribed and more, fewer and other types of PoE networks can be used topractice the invention.

Returning again to FIG. 1, the optional power source 31 are used toprovide power to the control circuit 16 and/or other components ofapparatus 12 when it is not connected to an AC power source. The powersource 31 includes, but is not limited to, a battery, capacitor and/orother power source 31. The power source 31 may also be used for testingDC circuits. However, the present invention is not limited to the powersources described and more, fewer and other types of power sources canbe used to practice the invention.

A “battery” includes a container comprising one or more cells, in whichchemical energy is converted into electricity and used as a source ofpower. Batteries are distinguished by their chemical makeup. A batterychemical unit, called the “cell,” includes three main parts; a positiveterminal called a “cathode,” negative terminal called an “anode,” and an“electrolyte.” The battery charges and discharges through a chemicalreaction that generates a voltage. The battery is able to provide aconsistent DC voltage. In rechargeable batteries, the chemical energythat is converted into electricity can be reversed using an outsideelectrical energy to restore the charge.

In one embodiment, the power source 31 is used to power the apparatuswhen testing a DC electrical circuit. However, the present invention isnot limited to this embodiment and the plural electrical probes 14 arealso used to provide power when testing a DC electrical circuit in otherembodiments.

A “capacitor” includes of two or more conductive plates separated by adielectric. When an electric current enters the capacitor, thedielectric stops the flow and a charge builds up and is stored in anelectric field between the plates. Each capacitor is designed to have aparticular capacitance (energy storage). When a capacitor is connectedto an external circuit 16, a current will rapidly discharge.

However, present invention and the apparatus 12 is not limited thecomponents described, and more fewer and/or other components can be usedto practice the invention.

In one embodiment, the electrical line testing apparatus 12 includes ascrew socket adapter 33 for AC electrical circuits. The screwed socketadapter 33 is screwed into a lighting component in place of a lightbulb. The electrical line testing apparatus 12 is then inserted intoelectrical socket receptacles in the screw socket adapter 33 for testingan AC electrical circuit including the lighting component. In such anembodiment, the electrical line testing apparatus 12 is used to test andelectrical circuit 34 directly from a lighting component to test theelectrical components of the lighting component as well.

In another embodiment, the electrical line testing apparatus 12 includesadditional AC adapters 33 such as for other types of lighting componentssuch as post, pin, bay, sleeve, prong, disk base, etc. lightingcomponents and other types of electric components, such as switches,motors, etc.

In another embodiment, the electrical line testing apparatus 12 includesadditional AC adapters including an AC Wi-Fi adapter. In such anembodiment, the AC Wi-Fi adapter includes an 801.11a/801.11c adapterthat generates a new Service Set IDentifier (SSID).

An SSID is a primary identifier associated with a wireless network andnetwork devices use this identifier to identify and join a wirelessnetwork, Wireless devices like smartphones and laptops scan wirelessnetworks broadcasting their SSIDs and presents a list of network names.

In one embodiment, the wireless interface 26 obtains the SSID from theAC Wi-Fi adapter and displays it on the display screen 24. In anotherembodiment, the wireless interface 26 obtains the SSID from the AC Wi-Ficomponent and displays it on the one or more remote wireless transceivercomponents 41.

When power is off on the electrical circuit 34 (i.e., a circuit breaker36 is in the off 68 position) AC Wi-Fi adapter 33 will stop broadcastingthe SSID, indicating there is no power in the circuit 34 and the displayscreen 24 on the apparatus 12 and/or one or more remote wirelesstransceiver components 41 will remove display of the SSW originallygenerated by the AC Wi-Fi adapter 33.

In another embodiment, the electrical line testing apparatus 12 includesDC adapters 35 for connecting the electrical line testing apparatus 12,including DC power, pin, male and female receptacle, network, RJ45-USB35, etc. for DC electrical circuits.

In one embodiment, the DC adapter includes a DC USB Wi-Fi adapter Insuch an embodiment, the AC Wi-Fi adapter includes an 801.11a/801.11cadapter.

In one embodiment, the wireless interface 26 obtains the SSID from theDC Wi-Fi adapter and displays it on the display screen 24. In anotherembodiment, the wireless interface 26 obtains the SSID from the DC Wi-Ficomponent and displays it on the one or more remote wireless transceivercomponents 41.

When power is off on the electrical circuit 34 (i.e., a circuit breaker36 is in the off 68 position) AC adapter 35 will stop broadcasting theSSID, indicating there is no power in the circuit 34 and the displayscreen 24 on the apparatus 12 and/or remote wireless transceivercomponents 41 will remove display of the SSID originally generated bythe DC Wi-Fi adapter 35.

In one embodiment, the electrical line testing apparatus 12 includes afault generating switch 37. The fault generating switch 37 safelygenerates an electrical fault on the electrical circuit 34 tointentionally trip a circuit breaker 36 connected to an electricaloutlet socket 32. A user plugs the electrical line testing apparatus 12in an electrical outlet socket 32. The user then activates the faultgenerating switch 37 which generates a fault on the electrical circuit34 and trips an associated circuit breaker 36. The user goes to thecircuit breaker box/panel 38 and is then able to determine which circuitbreaker 36 is connected to which electrical outlet socket 32.

In one embodiment, the fault generating switch 37 includes aground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI), arc fault, symmetric fault,asymmetric fault, and/or ground fault switch. However, the presentinvention is not limited to such embodiments, and other types of faultgenerating switches can be used to practice the invention.

In one embodiment, the electrical line testing apparatus 12 includes avolume control switch 39 to control audible sounds from the audiocomponent 20, 20′. In one embodiment the volume control switch 39further includes a mute switch to immediately turn off any audiblesounds generated by the apparatus 12. The volume control switch 39 isnecessary in an environment where quiet is required, such as a babynursery, hospital, etc.

In one embodiment, the electrical line testing apparatus 12 includes oneor more remote wireless transceiver components 41. The one or moreremote wireless transceiver components 41 include an audio componentfrom generating audible sounds, a visual component (e.g., lights, etc.)for generating visual signals, a display component for displayingelectronic information and/or application 18′. A wireless transceivercomponent 41 is carried by a user from electrical socket 32 includingthe electrical line testing apparatus 12 to a remote physical locationto allow the remote wireless transceiver component 41 to be used todetermine a status of the electrical circuit 34 which includes theapparatus 12.

In such an embodiment, the one or more remote wireless transceivercomponents 41 allow a user that does not have a smartphone 42 or othermobile network device and/or does not understand technology but desiresto use the electrical line testing apparatus 12 to test an electricalcircuit 34 for which a circuit breaker box/panel 38 is very remote and avery long physical distance (e.g., several hundred feet/meters up tomiles/kilometers, etc.) from the electrical socket 32. In such anembodiment the electrical socket 32 is not within an audio/visualviewing/listening range of the circuit breaker box/panel 38.

The one or more remote wireless transceiver components 41 are also usedwhen an electrical socket 32 is very remote and a very long physicaldistance (e.g., several hundred feet/meters up to miles/kilometers,etc.) away from a circuit breaker box/panel 38 that includes the circuitbreaker 36.

In one embodiment, a remote wireless transceiver component 41 isautomatically “paired” with the electrical line testing apparatus 12 viathe wireless interface 26 whenever the electrical line testing apparatus12 is placed into an electrical outlet socket 32.

In another embodiment, a remote wireless transceiver component 41 isautomatically “paired” with the electrical line testing apparatus 12 viathe wireless interface 26 and with an AC Wi-Fi 33 and/or DC Wi-Fiadapter 35 whenever the electrical line testing apparatus 12 is placedinto an electrical outlet socket 32. However, the present invention isnot limited to such an embodiment and other types of remote wirelesstransceiver components 41 can be used to practice the invention.

In one embodiment, the electrical line testing apparatus 12 is placedinside a flexible case 106 (FIG. 9.) The flexible case 106 allows theelectrical line testing apparatus 12 to be bent to be inserted into anelectrical outlet socket 32 that is obstructed with objects such aswalls, columns, machinery, etc. and still be usable and visible to auser. For example, the electrical line testing apparatus 12 in aflexible case 106 can be bent at an angle (e.g., 90 degrees, etc.) to beviewable around a corner, etc.

In one embodiment, the flexible case 106 for the electrical line testingapparatus 12 includes rubber and/or plastics, including, but not limitedto, PolyVinyl Chloride (PVC) polyethylene, polypropylene, verylow-density polyethylene (VLDPE), linear low-density polyethylene(LLDPE) Flexible polypropylene (FPP), Ethylene inter-polymer alloy(EIA), EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer), composite materialsand/or other flexible materials. However, the present invention is notlimited to these materials and other materials can be used to practicethe invention.

Rubber refers to elastomeric compounds that comprises various monomerunits forming polymers that are heat cured (i.e., vulcanized). Polymersare long molecular chains that are connected together (i.e.,cross-linked) to improve their toughness and resilience. The basemonomer (or monomers, when blended) is used to classify the type ofrubber. For example: Neoprene, SBR or Nitrile.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is durable, cheap, and easily worked intomembranes. Polyvinyl chloride is produced by polymerization of amonomer, vinyl chloride (VCM). PVC's are relatively low cost, biologicaland chemical resistance and very workable into membranes.

Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE) and linear low-densitypolyethylene (LLDPE) overcome the shortcomings of other polyethylenes(e.g., high density polyethylene (HDPE), etc. in terms of flexibility.These are less crystalline forms of polyethylene which result inincreased flexibility and a membrane less conducive to brittle stresscracking.

Flexible polypropylene (FPP) is produced in both unreinforced (PPU) andreinforced (PPR) form to provide a choice in terms of tensile behavior.

Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA) is an alloy of PVC resin with aspecial ethylene interpolymer that results in a flexible plastic-freematerial. EIA geomembranes maintain the advantages of PVC but have ahigh degree of durability and chemical resistance.

EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) was developed from butyl rubberand exhibits excellent elongation characteristics.

“Composite materials” are engineered or naturally occurring materialsmade from two or more constituent materials with significantly differentphysical or chemical properties which remain separate and distinct atthe macroscopic or microscopic scale within the finished structure.Common polymer-based composite materials, include at least two parts, asubstrate (e.g., fibers, etc.) and a resin.

The composite materials include “Fiber-reinforced polymers” (FRP)including thermoplastic composites, short fiber thermoplastics, longfiber thermoplastics or long fiber-reinforced thermoplastics. There arenumerous thermoset composites, but advanced systems usually incorporatearamid fiber and carbon fiber in an epoxy resin matrix. The compositematerials also include carbon/carbon composite materials with carbonfibers and a silicon carbide matrix.

However, the present invention is not limited to these materials andother materials can be used to practice the invention.

In one embodiment, the flexible case 106 for the electrical line testingapparatus 12 includes an ergonomic gripping component 110. The ergonomicgripping component 110 is designed for gripping by a human hand andallows for easy control of the electrical line testing apparatus 12.

In another embodiment, the electrical line testing apparatus 12 includesa rigid case comprising a hard plastic, composite material or other hardmaterial. In another embodiment, the rigid case includes an ergonomicgripping component.

In one embodiment, the electrical line testing apparatus 12 includes acase with one or more selected “safety colors” 108 (FIG. 9) includingbut not limited to a red, yellow and/or orange safety color. Anapparatus 12 used with a live electrical circuit 34 presents a danger toa user of such apparatus and to others who may encounter the apparatusduring its use when plugged into an electrical outlet socket 32.

The term “safety color” is used to describe the standard use of colorsfor safety purposes in the workplace. Depending on the situation, eachcolor is assigned a different meaning, which allows people toimmediately determine what type of safety hazard is in the area, even ifthey are too far away to read any actual writing. The U.S. OccupationalSafety and Health Administration (OSHA) has a number recommendationsabout colors that should be used to improve safety: (1) Danger—To alert,people to a danger (which is used when there is an immediate risk), thecolor should be red or predominantly red. Any lettering or symbols needto be a contrasting color to ensure maximum visibility; (2) Warning—Thewarning category is for when there is a risk; but it is not as severe orimmediate as when danger is used. The safety color associated withwarning is orange or predominantly orange. As with the red, anylettering or symbols should be a contrasting color; and (3) Caution—Thiscategory is far alerting people to a potential risk, and the color usedis yellow or predominantly yellow.

In one embodiment, the plural electrical probes 14 extend from apparatus12 including a first safety color (e.g. yellow, etc.) and a case for theapparatus 12 includes a second safety color (e.g., red, orange, etc.).Various safety color and non-safety colors can be used for the apparatus12 to practice the invention.

However, the present invention is not limited to the colors or safetycolors described and other colors and safety colors can be used topractice the invention.

In one embodiment, the electrical line testing apparatus 12 furtherincludes an attachment clip 43 for attaching the apparatus 12 toclothing, a belt, a tool box, etc.

However, the present invention is not limited to the componentsdescribed for the electrical line testing apparatus 12 and more, feweror other types of components can be used to practice the invention.

Electrical System in a Home or Business

The electrical system in a home or business comprises a line from anelectrical pole, a meter where electrical usage is tallied, a maincircuit breaker box/panel 38 (sometimes called “load centers” and, inolder homes, fuse panels), separate wiring circuits 34 to all the roomsin the home or business, outlets, light fixture boxes. When the mainelectric supply line leaves the meter, it enters the home or businessand arrives next at the circuit breaker box/panel 38 at the main circuitbreaker.

The maximum amount of electricity that a home or business can use at onetime is dictated by the size of the main circuit breaker. The maincircuit breaker is also a type of switch, set to flip off in case of anoverload in the home, reducing the risk of fire or electrocution. Mostmodern homes and businesses have 200 amp (short for amperage) service,while an older home or business might only have 100 amp service and alarger home or business a 400 amp service.

Below the main breaker, electric service is divided up by smallercircuit breakers 36 which govern an amount of electricity available toeach electrical circuit 34. These circuits 34 usually representindividual electrical sockets 32, but may also represent hard-wiredappliances like air-conditioners, furnaces, water heaters, etc. So, forexample, of the 200 amps available to a home, a kitchen may have two 20amp circuits, a bedroom may have four 15 amp circuits, anair-conditioner a 30 amp circuit, and so on. These circuit breakers 36work much the same as the main breaker—if an electrical overload occurs,the circuit breaker 36 automatically shuts off the electricity to thecircuit, reducing the chance of fire.

From the smaller circuit breakers 36, bundles of wires in separatecircuits 34, run through walls, ceilings, and floors to each room anddirectly to hard-wired appliance. Each bundle of wire has at least threewires within—two with plastic insulation and one bare. The black and/orred insulated wires 14 are the “hot” wires coming directly off of thecircuit breakers 36. The white insulated or “neutral” wire 14′ carriesthe current back to the electrical source at the circuit breakerbox/panel 38. The bare copper wire is the ground wire 14″, which is thesafety part of the circuit 34. The two wires insulated wires areattached to outlets 32 or switches so that when nothing is plugged in ora switch is in the off position, the wires do not meet. When somethingis plugged into an outlet 32 or a switch turned on, a circuit 34 iscompleted, allowing electricity to flow through a light or appliance orother electrical device to activate it.

The ground wire 14″ is literally a direct path to the ground outside thehome or business which acts with the circuit breaker 36, in the event ofa “short circuit.” It is attached to all metal parts of a fixture orappliance. If a faulty appliance, frayed wire, or wet conditions giveelectricity a separate, less resistant path to the ground, the groundwire acts as a path of least resistance, allowing the excess electricityto travel directly to the ground and triggering the circuit breaker 36to shut off, helping avoid electrocution or fire.

While standard circuits 34 to plugs and outlets 32 are usually 110volts, some larger hard-wired and plug-in appliances, like electricovens, ranges, and clothes dryers, are 220 volt.

Electrical Line Testing

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating use of the electrical linetesting apparatus 12. When apparatus 12 is plugged into an electricalsocket 32, a circuit 34 is completed, allowing electricity to flowthrough the apparatus 12 to activate it. When apparatus 12 is pluggedinto electrical socket 32 and the associated circuit breaker 36 is setto the “ON” position, the audio component 20′ of the apparatus 12 sendsout a desired audio sound 66. The one or more visual components 22 ofthe apparatus 12 may also be turned on and emit light and/or coloredlight.

In one embodiment, only the audio component 20 of the apparatus 12 isactivated when the apparatus 12 is plugged into the electrical socket32. In another embodiment, only the one or more visual components 22 ofthe apparatus 12 is activated when the apparatus 12 is plugged into theelectrical socket 32. In another embodiment, both the audio component 20and the one or more visual components 22 of the apparatus 12 areactivated when the apparatus 12 is plugged into the electrical socket32.

In another embodiment, the display screen 24 of the apparatus 12includes informational messages about the status of the electricalcircuit 34 (e.g., ON, OFF, CURRENT, NO CURRENT, 120 VOLTS, zero VOLTS,SSID=xxxxx, etc.) when the apparatus 12 is plugged into the electricalsocket 32 and when the and the associated circuit breaker 36 changesbetween the ON/OFF states.

In one embodiment, only the display screen 24 and the audio component 20of the apparatus 12 are activated when the apparatus 12 is plugged intothe electrical socket 32. In another embodiment, only the display screen24 and the one or more visual components 22 of the apparatus 12 areactivated when the apparatus 12 is plugged into the electrical socket32. In another embodiment, the display screen 24, the audio component 20and the one or more visuals components 22 of the apparatus 12 are allactivated when the apparatus 12 is plugged into the electrical socket32.

When the circuit breaker is set to the “OFF” position, the audiocomponent 20′ of the apparatus 12 stops sending out the desired audiosound 68, the one or more visual components 22 stop emitting lightand/or the display screen 24 changes state and displays differentelectronic information.

This behavior of the apparatus 12 when a circuit breaker 36, 36′ istoggled between ON/OFF states, allows a user to determine whichelectrical socket 32, 32′ is connected to which circuit 34, 34′ and towhich circuit breaker 36, 36′ in the circuit breaker box/panel 38.

In a house, a breaker box/panel 38 may be located in a basement and/orother remote part of the house. To determine which electrical socket 32is associated with which circuit breaker 36 is often a difficult task asplural sockets 32 may be associated with a single circuit breaker 36.The apparatus 12 allows a user to use, sound, and/or light and/orelectronic information displayed by apparatus 12 to determine whichelectrical sockets 32 are associated with which circuit breaker 36 eventhough the electrical socket 32 may be at a first location and thecircuit breaker 36 and the circuit breaker box/panel 38 may be atanother second locate remote to the first location (e.g., on anotherfloor, in another room, in another part of the home such as a garage,attic, etc.)

FIGS. 5A and 5B are a flow diagram illustrating a Method 70 forelectrical line testing with an electrical line testing apparatus 12.

In FIG. 5A at Step 72, an electrical line testing apparatus is connectedto an electrical socket that is connected to an electrical circuitincluding a circuit breaker with an on-off switch component, therebyallowing electricity to flow through the electrical circuit. At Step 74,a first input signal is received on a control circuit on the electricalline testing apparatus, the first input signal including a request toactivate one or more audio components, visual components and/or displaycomponents on the electrical line testing apparatus to indicate with afirst indication that electricity is flowing through the electricalcircuit. At Step 76, a first output signal is sent from the controlcircuit on the electrical line testing apparatus activating the one ormore audio components, visual components and/or display components onthe electrical line testing apparatus, thereby indicating with the firstindication that electricity is flowing through the electrical circuit.At Step 78, a second input signal is received on the control circuit onthe electrical line testing apparatus disconnecting the electricalcircuit through the electrical line testing apparatus, wherein thesecond input signal is generated by the switch component on a circuitbreaker connected to the electrical circuit being switched from anon-position to an off-position. In FIG. 5B at Step 80, a second outputsignal is sent from the control circuit on the electrical line testingapparatus deactivating the one or more audio components, visualcomponents and/or display components on the electrical line testingapparatus, thereby providing a second indication with audio, visualand/or electronic information indication that the circuit breakerconnected to the electrical circuit controls a flow of electricitythrough the electrical socket and that the circuit breaker has turnedthe flow of electricity to the electrical socket off.

Method 70 is illustrated with an illustrative embodiment. However, thepresent invention is not limited to this illustrative embodiment andother embodiments can be used to practice the invention.

In such an illustrative embodiment in FIG. 5A at Step 72, an electricalline testing apparatus 12 is connected to an electrical socket 32 thatis connected to an electrical circuit 34 including a circuit breaker 36comprising an on-off switch component, thereby allowing electricity toflow through the electrical circuit 34.

In one embodiment the electrical circuit 34 is an AC circuit. In anotherembodiment, the electrical circuit is a DC circuit. The DC circuitincludes communication network 40 related DC circuits.

At Step 74, a first input signal is received on a control circuit 16 onthe electrical line testing apparatus 12, the first input signalincluding a request to activate one or more audio components 20, visualcomponents 22 and/or display components 24 on the electrical linetesting apparatus 12 to indicate with a first indication (e.g., sound,light, etc.) electricity is flowing through the electrical circuit 34.

At Step 76, a first output signal is sent from the control circuit 16 onthe electrical line testing apparatus 12 activating the audio component20, visual component 22 and/or the display component 24 on theelectrical line testing apparatus 12, thereby indicating with the firstindication that electricity is flowing through the electrical circuit34.

At Step 78, a second input signal is received on the control circuit 16on the electrical line testing apparatus 12 disconnecting the electricalcircuit 34 through the electrical line testing apparatus 12, wherein thesecond input signal is generated by the switch component on a circuitbreaker 36 connected to the electrical circuit 23 being switched from an“on-position” 66 (FIG. 4) to an “off-position” 68.

In FIG. 5B at Step 80, a second output signal is sent from the controlcircuit 16 on the electrical line testing apparatus 12 deactivating theone or more audio components 20, visual components 22 and/or displaycomponents 24 on the electrical line testing apparatus 12, therebyproviding a second indication (e.g., no sound, no light, etc.) of audio,visual and/or electronic information that the circuit breaker 36connected to the electrical circuit 34 controls a flow of electricitythrough the electrical socket 43 and that the circuit breaker 36 hasturned the flow of electricity to the electrical socket 32 off.

Method 70 allows a user to correctly determine which electrical socket32 is connected to which circuit breaker 36 with audio, visual and/orelectronic display information, even when the electrical socket 32 isremote and a short physical distance away from a circuit breakerbox/panel 38 that includes the circuit breaker 36.

For example, a user inserts apparatus 12 into an electrical socket 32 ona first floor of a home and apparatus 12 emits a loud sound throughaudio component 22. The user proceeds to a basement level in the homewhich includes the circuit breaker box/panel 38 and turns variouscircuit breakers 36, 36′ on and off until the loud sound stops. When theloud sound stops, the user has determined which circuit breaker 36 isconnected to the electrical socket 32 including the apparatus 12.

In another example, a user inserts apparatus 12 into an electricalsocket 32 on a first floor of a home and apparatus 12 activates visualcomponent 22 which includes a strobe light. The user proceeds to ahallway in the home which includes the circuit break box/panel 38. Thestrobe light from the apparatus 12 is visible from the hallway. The userturns various circuit breakers 36, 36′ on and off until the strobe lightstops. When the strobe light stops, the user has determined whichcircuit breaker 36 is connected to the electrical socket 32 includingthe apparatus 12.

In this situation the electrical line testing apparatus 12 may be usedin a residential home or a small business when a circuit breakerbox/panel 38 is down a hall, in another room, in a basement, attic, etc.from a location for a desired electrical socket. In this situation, theuser is close enough to the electrical line testing apparatus 12 so theuser can hear sounds generated by the audio component 20 and/or seevisual light generated by the visual component 22.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are a flow diagram illustrating a Method 82 forelectrical line testing with an electrical line testing apparatus 12.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram 94 graphically illustrating components of themethod of FIG. 6.

In FIG. 6A at Step 84, an electrical line testing apparatus is connectedto an electrical socket that is connected to an electrical circuitincluding a circuit breaker with an on-off switch component, therebyallowing electricity to flow through the electrical circuit. At Step 86,a first input signal is received on a circuit testing application on acontrol circuit on the electrical line testing apparatus, the firstinput signal including a request to send a first message to anapplication on a network device with one or more processors to indicatethat electricity is flowing through the electrical circuit. At Step 88,the first message is securely sent from the circuit testing applicationon the control circuit via a wireless interface on the electrical linetesting apparatus via a wireless communications network to theapplication on the network device, thereby indicating with a firstindication that electricity is flowing through the electrical circuit.The first message causes the application on the network device toactivate one or more audio, visual and/or electronic information displaycomponents on the network device. At Step 90, a second input signal isreceived on the control circuit on the electrical line testing apparatusdisconnecting the electrical circuit through the electrical line testingapparatus. The second input signal is generated by the switch componenton a circuit breaker connected to the electrical circuit being switchedfrom an on-position to an off-position. In FIG. 6B at Step 92, thesecond message is securely sent from the circuit testing application onthe control circuit via the wireless interface on the electrical linetesting apparatus via the wireless communications network to theapplication on the network device, thereby indicating with secondindication that electricity has stopped flowing through the electricalcircuit. The second message causes the application on the network deviceto deactivate the one or more audio, visual and/or electronicinformation display components on the network device, thereby indicatingon the network device that the circuit breaker connected to theelectrical circuit controls the flow of electricity through theelectrical socket and that the circuit breaker has turned a flow ofelectricity to the electrical socket off.

Method 82 is illustrated with an illustrative embodiment. However, thepresent invention is not limited to this illustrative embodiment andother embodiments can be used to practice the invention.

In such an illustrative embodiment at FIG. 6A at Step 84, an electricalline testing apparatus 12 is connected to an electrical socket 32 thatis connected to an electrical circuit 34 including a circuit breaker 36with an on-off switch component, thereby allowing electricity to flowthrough the electrical circuit 34.

In one embodiment the electrical circuit 34 is an AC circuit. In anotherembodiment, the electrical circuit is a DC circuit. The DC circuitincludes communication network 40 related DC circuits.

In one embodiment, Step 84 further includes further connectingelectrical line testing apparatus 12 to a communications network 40 witha cable via the wired interface 26′.

At Step 86, a first input signal is received on a circuit testingapplication 18 on a control circuit 16 on the electrical line testingapparatus 12, the first input signal including a request a first messagebe sent to an application 18′ on a network device 42, 46, 48, 50, 54,56, 58, 60 with one or more processors and/or one or more remotewireless transceiver components 41 to indicate that electricity isflowing through the electrical circuit 34.

At Step 88, the first message is securely sent from the circuit testingapplication 18 on the control circuit 16 via a wireless interface 26 onthe electrical line testing apparatus via a wireless communicationsnetwork 40 to the application 18′ on the network device 42, 46, 48, 50,54, 56, 58, 60 and/or one or more remote wireless transceiver components41, thereby indicating with a first indication that electricity isflowing through the electrical circuit 34.

In another embodiment, the first message is securely sent from thecircuit testing application 18 on the control circuit 16 via a wiredinterface 26′ on the electrical line testing apparatus via acommunications network 40 to the application 18′ on the network device42, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60, thereby indicating with the firstindication that electricity is flowing through the electrical circuit34.

In such an embodiment, the network device 42, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58,60, is connected to the wired communications network 40 with a cable.

In another embodiment, another component on the communications network40, including a wireless access points sends message to the networkdevice 42, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60 and/or one or more remote wirelesstransceiver components 41 via a wireless interface on the network device42, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60.

The first message causes the application 18′ on the network device 42,46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60 and/or one or more remote wirelesstransceiver components 41 to activate one or more audio components,(e.g. sound, buzzer, etc.), visual components (e.g., light, graphics,electronic text, camera, etc.) and/or electronic information (e.g.,text, graphical, etc.) display components on the network device 42, 46,48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60 and/or one or more remote wireless transceivercomponents 41. For example, the first message may cause a display on adisplay component on a wearable device such as a watch 48, wearabledigital glass 50, etc. or a mobile network device such as a smart phone42, etc. (FIG. 7).

The first message is securely sent using any of the security and/orencryption methods described herein to prevent tampering and help ensureelectrical safety for the user. In another embodiment, the first messageis not sent securely.

In one embodiment, first message is an SMS message, instant message,and/or voice message. However, the present invention is not limited tothe messages described and more, fewer and/or other messages can be usedto practice the invention.

At Step 90, a second input signal is received on the control circuit 16on the electrical line testing apparatus 12 disconnecting the electricalcircuit 34 through the electrical line testing apparatus 12. The secondinput signal is generated by the switch component on a circuit breaker36 connected to the electrical circuit 34 being switched from anon-position 66 to an off-position 68.

In FIG. 6B at Step 92, the second message is securely sent from thecircuit testing application 18 on the control circuit 18 via thewireless interface 26 on the electrical line testing apparatus 12 viathe wireless communications network 40 to the application 18′ on thenetwork device 42, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60 one or more remotewireless transceiver components 41, thereby indicating with secondindication that electricity has stopped flowing through the electricalcircuit 34.

In another embodiment, the second message is securely sent from thecircuit testing application 18 on the control circuit 16 via a wiredinterface 26′ on the electrical line testing apparatus via acommunications network 40 to the application 18′ on the network device42, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60 one or more remote wireless transceivercomponents 41 thereby indicating with the second indication thatelectricity is flowing through the electrical circuit 34.

In such an embodiment, the network device 42, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58,60, is connected to the wired communications network 40 with a cable.

In another embodiment, another component on the communications network40, including a wireless access points sends message to the networkdevice 42, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60 and/or one or more remote wirelesstransceiver components 41, via a wireless interface on the networkdevice 42, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60 and/or one or more remote wirelesstransceiver components 41.

The second message causes the application 18′ on the network device 42,46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60 and/or one or more remote wirelesstransceiver components 41 to deactivate the one or more audio, visualand/or electronic information display components on the network device42, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60 and/or one or more remote wirelesstransceiver components 41, thereby indicating on the network device 42,46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60 and/or one or more remote wirelesstransceiver components 41 that the circuit breaker 36 connected to theelectrical circuit 34 controls the flow of electricity through theelectrical socket 34 and that the circuit breaker 36 has turned a flowof electricity to the electrical socket 32 off. The second message issecurely sent using any of the security and/or encryption methodsdescribed herein to prevent tampering and help ensure electrical safetyfor the user. In another embodiment, the second message is not sentsecurely.

In one embodiment, second message is an SMS message, instant message,and/or voice message. However, the present invention is not limited tothe messages described and more, fewer and/or other messages can be usedto practice the invention.

Method 82 allows a user to correctly determine which electrical socket32 is connected to which circuit breaker 36 with audio, visual and/orelectronic display information, even when the electrical socket 32 isvery remote and a very long physical distance (e.g., several hundredfeet/meters up to miles/kilometers, etc.) away from a circuit breakerbox/panel 38 that includes the circuit breaker 36 and is not within anaudio/visual viewing/listening range of the electrical line testingapparatus 12.

For example, in this situation the electrical line testing apparatus 12may be used in a large warehouse, factory, manufacturing, plant, etc.comprising one or more large commercial buildings. In such a situation,the large commercial building may include too much noise to hear theaudio components 20 on the electrical line testing apparatus 12 and/orhave lighting (e.g., too much and/or too little light, etc.) that isappropriate for seeing any of the one or more visual components 22and/or display screen 24 on the electrical line testing apparatus 12from a short and/or a long distance away from the circuit breakerbox/panel 38. Thus, the electrical line testing apparatus 12 is usedwith an external network device 42, 46, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60 and/orthe one or more remote wireless transceiver components 41 that iscarried by a user to the circuit breaker box/panel 38 after the userplugs the electrical line testing apparatus 12 into the desiredelectrical socket 32.

The electrical line testing apparatus 12 may also be used withtransportation vehicles such boats, ships, trains, aircraft, spacecraft,etc. whose electrical sockets 32 are close to and/or remote from circuitbreaker box/panel 38. It may also be used on other vehicles such ascars, trucks, motorcycles, snowmobiles with specialized adapters includeOn-Board Diagnostics (ODB) and other adapters.

The electrical line testing apparatus 12 is not limited to any frequencyor voltage type of circuit and may be used with 120 volt, 240 volt, 50Hz, 60 Hz, single phase and triple phase electronic circuits.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating a Method 96 for electrical linetesting with an electrical line testing apparatus 12. A at Step 98, anelectrical line testing apparatus is connected to an electrical socketthat is connected to an electrical circuit terminating at a circuitbreak box including plural of circuit breakers with on-off switchcomponents, thereby allowing electricity to flow through the electricalcircuit. At Step 100, a first input signal is received on a controlcircuit on the electrical line testing apparatus, the first input signalincluding a request from a fault generating switch to intentionallygenerate a line fault on the electrical circuit. At Step 102, a firstoutput signal is sent from the control circuit on the electrical linetesting apparatus into the electrical circuit tripping a first circuitbreaker and changing the on-off switch component on the circuit breakerto an off-position stopping the flow of electricity through theelectrical circuit, thereby confirming that the electrical socket wasconnected to the first circuit breaker through the electrical circuit.

Method 96 is illustrated with an illustrative embodiment. However, thepresent invention is not limited to this illustrative embodiment andother embodiments can be used to practice the invention.

In such an illustrative embodiment, in FIG. 8 at Step 98, an electricalline testing apparatus 12 is connected to an electrical socket 32 thatis connected to an electrical circuit 34 terminating at a circuit breakbox/panel 38 including plural of circuit breakers 36, 36′ with on-offswitch components, thereby allowing electricity to flow through theelectrical circuit 34.

At Step 100, a first input signal is received on a control circuit 16 onthe electrical line testing apparatus 12, the first input signalincluding a request from a fault generating switch 37 to intentionallygenerate a line fault on the electrical circuit 34.

At Step 102, a first output signal is sent from the control circuit 16on the electrical line testing apparatus 12 into the electrical circuit34 tripping a first circuit breaker 36 and changing the on-off switchcomponent on the circuit breaker to an off-position stopping the flow ofelectricity through the electrical circuit 12, thereby confirming thatthe electrical socket 32 was connected to the first circuit breaker 36through the electrical circuit 34.

Method 96 allows a user to correctly determine which electrical socket32, 32′ is connected to which circuit breaker 36, 36′ in a circuitbreaker box/panel 38 that includes plural circuit breakers 36, 36′. Theuser generates a line fault with the fault generating switch 37 on theelectrical line testing apparatus 12. The line fault trips the firstcircuit breaker 36 in the circuit breaker box/panel 38. Thus, the useris able to determine the first circuit breaker 36 is connected to theelectrical socket 32. This method allows the electrical line testingapparatus 12 to be used in any environment no matter what the distancebetween the electrical socket and the circuit breaker box/panel 38 is.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram 104 illustrating the electrical line testingapparatus 12 with a flexible case 106 with a safety color 108.

The method and apparatus described herein provides audio, visual and/orelectronic information to indicate electricity is flowing or not flowingthrough an electrical circuit controlled by a remote circuit breaker orfuse. The method and system help identify which electrical sockets arecontrolled by the remote circuit breakers. The method and system is usedover short distances in a residential home or over long distances in acommercial building such as a warehouse or factory. The method andapparatus is used with or without an external network devices such as asmartphone, electronic tablet, wearable device, etc.

It should be understood that the architecture, programs, processes,methods and systems described herein are not related or limited to anyparticular type of computer or network system (hardware or software),unless indicated otherwise. Various types of general purpose orspecialized computer systems may be used with or perform operations inaccordance with the teachings described herein.

In view of the wide variety of embodiments to which the principles ofthe present invention can be applied, it should be understood that theillustrated embodiments are exemplary only, and should not be taken aslimiting the scope of the present invention. For example, the steps ofthe flow diagrams may be taken in sequences other than those described,and more or fewer elements may be used in the block diagrams.

While various elements of the preferred embodiments have been describedas being implemented in software, in other embodiments hardware orfirmware implementations may alternatively be used, and vice-versa.

The claims should not be read as limited to the described order orelements unless stated to that effect. In addition, use of the term“means” in any claim is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6,and any claim without the word “means” is not so intended. Therefore,all embodiments that come within the scope and spirit of the followingclaims and equivalents thereto are claimed as the invention.

I claim:
 1. An electrical line testing apparatus, comprising incombination: a plurality electrical probes for connecting the electricalline testing apparatus to an alternating current (AC) source via anelectrical socket; a control circuit for controlling operations andother components of the electrical line testing apparatus; a circuittesting application executing in a non-transitory computer readablemedium in the control circuit for communicating with an application on anetwork device with one or processors via a communications network forindicating that the electrical line testing apparatus is connected to anelectrical circuit in which an electrical current is flowing or notflowing; one or more audio components for indicating with an audiblesound that the electrical line testing apparatus is connected to anelectrical circuit in which an electrical current is flowing; one ormore visual components for indicating with one or more light sourcesthat electrical line testing apparatus is connected to an electricalcircuit in which the electrical current is flowing; a display screen forindicating with electronic line testing apparatus is connected to anelectrical circuit in which the electrical current is flowing or notflowing; a wireless interface connecting the electrical line testing tothe communications network and the network device; a direct current (DC)connection testing component for connecting the electrical line testingapparatus to a DC circuit in which a DC current is flowing; one or moreDC connectors for connecting the DC connection testing component to theDC circuit in which the DC current is flowing; a fault switch forintentionally generating a fault on the electrical circuit to stop theflow of the electrical current in the electrical circuit and cause anon-off switch on a circuit breaker connected to the electrical circuitto change from an on-position to an off-position; and a flexible caseenclosing the electrical line testing apparatus comprising one or moresafety colors.
 2. The electrical line testing apparatus of claim 1wherein the one or more audio components include a speaker, buzzer orbell.
 3. The electrical line testing apparatus of claim 1 wherein theone or more visual components include one or more incandescent lightbulb components, one or more High-Intensity Discharge (HID) bulbcomponents, one or more light emitting diode (LED) components or one ormore strobe light components.
 4. The electrical line testing apparatusof claim 1 wherein display screen includes a Liquid Crystal Display(LCD) screen.
 5. The electrical line testing apparatus of claim 1wherein the wireless interface includes a cellular telephone, ShortMessage Service (SMS), instant message, IEEE 802.11a, 802.11ac, 802.11b,802.11g, 802.11n, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Wi-Fi Aware, WorldwideInteroperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), ETSI High PerformanceRadio Metropolitan Area Network (HIPERMAN), RF Home, Zigbee, Z-wave,Bluetooth, Infrared, Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM), RadioFrequency Identifier (RFID), Near field communication (NFC) orMachine-2-Machine (“M2M”) wireless interface.
 6. The electrical linetesting apparatus of claim 1 wherein the one or more DC connectorsinclude a RJ-11, RJ-45, male-female receptacle, metal clips, or USBconnectors.
 7. The electrical line testing apparatus of claim 1 furthercomprising: a wired interface for connecting the electrical line testingapparatus to a communications network.
 8. The electrical line testingapparatus of claim 7 wherein the wired interface includes a twisted pairof copper wires, digital subscriber lines, coaxial cable or fiber opticcable, wired interface.
 9. The electrical line testing apparatus ofclaim 1 further comprising: one or more electrical adapters forconnecting the electrical line testing apparatus to one or more otherelectrical components.
 10. The electrical line testing apparatus ofclaim 9 wherein the one or more electrical adapters include a screwsocket, post, pin, bay, sleeve, prong or disk base adapters for lightingelectrical components and one or more electrical adapters for motor orswitch electrical components.
 11. The electrical line testing apparatusof claim 9 wherein the one or more electrical adapters include anAlternating Current (AC) or Direct Current (DC) wireless networkadapter.
 12. The electrical line testing apparatus of claim 1 furthercomprising: a remote wireless transceiver receiver with an audiocomponent, visual component, a wireless interface and one or moreprocessors that is paired with the electrical line testing apparatus forconnecting the electrical line testing apparatus to the remote wirelesstransceiver via the communications network for use over long physicaldistances.
 13. The electrical line testing apparatus of claim 1 whereinthe communications network includes a wireless communication network ora wired communication network or a combination thereof.
 14. Theelectrical line testing apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: anetwork device with one or more processors and an application forcommunicating with the electrical line testing apparatus via acommunications network.
 15. The electrical line testing apparatus ofclaim 14 wherein the network device includes a smart phone, computer,wearable network device or electronic tablet.
 16. The electrical linetesting apparatus of claim 1 wherein the electrical circuit includes theelectrical circuit located in a building or on a vehicle, boat, ship,train, aircraft, or spacecraft.
 17. A method for electrical line testingwith an electrical line testing apparatus, comprising: connecting anelectrical line testing apparatus to an electrical socket that isconnected to an electrical circuit including a circuit breaker with anon-off switch component, thereby allowing electricity to flow throughthe electrical circuit; receiving a first input signal on a controlcircuit on the electrical line testing apparatus, the first input signalincluding a request to activate an audio component, visual component ordisplay component on the electrical line testing apparatus to indicatewith a first indication that electricity is flowing through theelectrical circuit; sending a first output signal from the controlcircuit on the electrical line testing apparatus activating the audiocomponent, the visual component or the display component on theelectrical line testing apparatus, thereby indicating with the firstindication that electricity is flowing through the electrical circuit;receiving a second input signal on the control circuit on the electricalline testing apparatus disconnecting the electrical circuit through theelectrical line testing apparatus, wherein the second input signal isgenerated by the switch component on a circuit breaker connected to theelectrical circuit being switched from an on-position to anoff-position; and sending a second output signal from the controlcircuit on the electrical line testing apparatus deactivating the audiocomponent, the visual component or the display component on theelectrical line testing apparatus, thereby providing a second indicationwith audio, visual or electronic information indication that the circuitbreaker connected to the electrical circuit controls a flow ofelectricity through the electrical socket and that the circuit breakerhas turned the flow of electricity to the electrical socket off.
 18. Themethod of claim 17 wherein the electrical line testing apparatuscomprises: a plurality electrical probes for connecting the electricalline testing apparatus to an alternating current (AC) source via anelectrical socket; a control circuit for controlling operations andother components of the electrical line testing apparatus; a circuittesting application executing in a non-transitory computer readablemedium in the control circuit for communicating with an application on anetwork device with one or processors via a communications network forindicating that the electrical line testing apparatus is connected to anelectrical circuit in which an electrical current is flowing or notflowing; one or more audio components for indicating with an audiblesound that the electrical line testing apparatus is connected to anelectrical circuit in which an electrical current is flowing; one ormore visual components for indicating with one or more light sourcesthat electrical line testing apparatus is connected to an electricalcircuit in which an electrical current is flowing; a display screen forindicating with electronic line testing apparatus is connected to anelectrical circuit in which an electrical current is flowing or notflowing; a wireless interface connecting the electrical line testingapparatus to the network device via the communications network; a directcurrent (DC) connection testing component for connecting the electricalline testing apparatus to a DC circuit in which a DC current is flowing;one or more DC connectors for connecting the DC connection testingcomponent to the DC circuit in which the DC current is flowing; a faultswitch for intentionally generating a fault on the electrical circuit tostop the flow of the electrical current in the electrical circuit andcause an on-off switch on a circuit breaker connected to the electricalcircuit to change from an on-position to an off-position; a remotewireless transceiver receiver with an audio component, visual component,a wireless interface and one or more processors that is paired with theelectrical line testing apparatus for connecting the electrical linetesting apparatus to the remote wireless transceiver via thecommunications network for use over long physical distances; and aflexible case enclosing the electrical line testing apparatus comprisingone or more safety colors.
 19. A method for electrical line testing withan electrical line testing apparatus, comprising: connecting anelectrical line testing apparatus to an electrical socket that isconnected to an electrical circuit including a circuit breaker with anon-off switch component, thereby allowing electricity to flow throughthe electrical circuit; receiving a first input signal on a circuittesting application on a control circuit on the electrical line testingapparatus, the first input signal including a request to send a firstmessage to an application on a network device with one or moreprocessors to indicate that electricity is flowing through theelectrical circuit; securely sending the first message from the circuittesting application on the control circuit via a wireless interface onthe electrical line testing apparatus via a wireless communicationsnetwork to the application on the network device, thereby indicatingwith a first indication that electricity is flowing through theelectrical circuit, wherein first message causes the application on thenetwork device to activate one or more audio, visual or electronicinformation display components on the network device; receiving a secondinput signal on the control circuit on the electrical line testingapparatus disconnecting the electrical circuit through the electricalline testing apparatus, wherein the second input signal is generated bythe switch component on a circuit breaker connected to the electricalcircuit being switched from an on-position to an off-position; securelysending the second message from the circuit testing application on thecontrol circuit via the wireless interface on the electrical linetesting apparatus via the wireless communications network to theapplication on the network device, thereby indicating with secondindication that electricity has stopped flowing through the electricalcircuit, wherein the second message causes the application on thenetwork device to deactivate the one or more audio, visual electronicinformation display components on the network device, thereby indicatingon the network device that the circuit breaker connected to theelectrical circuit controls the flow of electricity through theelectrical socket and that the circuit breaker has turned a flow ofelectricity to the electrical socket off.
 20. The method of claim 19wherein the electrical line testing apparatus comprises: a pluralityelectrical probes for connecting the electrical line testing apparatusto an alternating current (AC) source via an electrical socket; acontrol circuit for controlling operations and other components of theelectrical line testing apparatus; a circuit testing applicationexecuting in a non-transitory computer readable medium in the controlcircuit for communicating with an application on a network device withone or processors via a communications network for indicating that theelectrical line testing apparatus is connected to an electrical circuitin which an electrical current is flowing or not flowing; one or moreaudio components for indicating with an audible sound that theelectrical line testing apparatus is connected to an electrical circuitin which an electrical current is flowing; one or more visual componentsfor indicating with one or more light sources that electrical linetesting apparatus is connected to an electrical circuit in which anelectrical current is flowing; a display screen for indicating withelectronic line testing apparatus is connected to an electrical circuitin which an electrical current is flowing or not flowing; a wirelessinterface for connecting the electrical line testing apparatus to thenetwork device via the communications network; a direct current (DC)connection testing component for connecting the electrical line testingapparatus to a DC circuit in which a DC current is flowing; one or moreDC connectors for connecting the DC connection testing component to theDC circuit in which the DC current is flowing; a fault switch forintentionally generating a fault on the electrical circuit to stop theflow of the electrical current in the electrical circuit and cause anon-off switch on a circuit breaker connected to the electrical circuitto change from an on-position to an off-position; a remote wirelesstransceiver receiver with an audio component, visual component, awireless interface and one or more processors that is paired with theelectrical line testing apparatus for connecting the electrical linetesting apparatus to the remote wireless transceiver via thecommunications network for use over long physical distances; and aflexible case enclosing the electrical line testing apparatus comprisingone or more safety colors.